Ancient Civilizations

• Sophisticated stone carvings in limestone, terrazzo (burnt lime), and possibly wooden roof beams, including astronomical alignments
• Discovered in 1963, excavation began in 1995

• Wall paintings and sculptures
• Complex social organization
• Religious practices
• Çatalhöyük location

• Code of Hammurabi
• Mathematical advances
• Astronomical observations
• Architecture

• Military innovations
• Library of Ashurbanipal
• Administrative systems
• Art and architecture

• Pyramid construction
• Hieroglyphic writing
• Solar calendar
• Medical knowledge

• Literature flourishing
• Trade expansion
• Agricultural innovations
• Administrative reforms

• Monumental architecture
• Artistic achievements
• Military expansion
• Religious reforms

Achievements:

• Mathematical system
• Calendar development
• Writing system
• Astronomical knowledge

Architecture:

• Stepped pyramids
• Urban planning
• Water management
• Observatory design

Empire:

• Tenochtitlan
• Tributary system
• Military organization
• Agricultural innovations

Culture:

• Religious practices
• Educational system
• Art and crafts
• Social hierarchy

• Road systems
• Terrace farming
• Stone architecture
• Quipu record-keeping

• Grid-pattern cities
• Advanced drainage
• Standardized architecture
• Trade networks

• Xia (2070-1600 BCE)
• Shang (1600-1046 BCE)
• Zhou (1046-256 BCE)
• Qin (221-206 BCE)

• Radiocarbon dating
• Dendrochronology
• Stratigraphy
• Thermoluminescence

• Remote sensing
• Ground-penetrating radar
• Aerial photography
• LiDAR scanning

• Cuneiform
• Hieroglyphs
• Maya script
• Oracle bone script

• Metallurgy
• Agriculture
• Architecture
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